The most common hormone looked for in pregnancy is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), the "pregnancy hormone."

Folic acid is a B-vitamin that is essential for normal neural tube closure and development in the fetus.

Hemorrhoids, which are the abnormal dilation of veins in the anal canal, frequently occur or flare up during pregnancy. Constipation, also common during pregnancy, makes hemorrhoids worse, so try to avoid constipation. Here is an easy, inexpensive, and effective remedy for hemorrhoids from Sr. Angela Murdaugh, whose years of midwifery experience and having to cut corners have produced some invaluable tips: "Take a regular white potato and cut it into bullet shaped pieces about as big as the end of one's middle finger. Keep the pieces submerged in water in the refrigerator. Whenever hemorroids swell and/or itch, just insert one rectally. Can be used as often as necessary and will bring fabulous relief at a very low cost."

Iron is probably the only nutrient that it is impossible to get enough of with a very good diet during pregnancy; therefore, some kind of supplement may be necessary.

About half of pregnant women will experience some nausea and/or vomiting related to their pregnancy.

Highlights in the history of a very old profession, with references for more information elsewhere.

As many midwives have found, a doula can be an invaluable resource to a laboring woman and to a new mother.  A doula is a professionally-trained supportive companion for a woman in labor.

The "birthing ball" is a wonderful comfort tool for pregnancy and labor.

How should childbearing women with a history of cesarean be counseled about the optimal mode of delivery with their current pregnancy?